The Lucifer story

Lucifer, another of
Gustave Doré's illustrations for
Paradise Lost by John Milton.
A pagan myth of the fall of angels, associated with the morning star, was transferred to Satan already in the pre-Christian century, as seen in the
Life of Adam and Eve and the
Second Book of Enoch, where Satan-Sataniel (sometimes identified with
Samael) is described as having been one of the
archangels. Because he contrived "to make his throne higher than the clouds over the earth and resemble 'My power' on high", Satan-Sataniel was hurled down, with his hosts of angels, and since then he has been flying in the air continually above the
abyss.
Early Christian writers continued this identification of "Lucifer" with Satan.
Tertullian ("Contra Marrionem," v. 11, 17),
Origen ("Ezekiel Opera," iii. 356), and others, identify Lucifer with Satan, who also is represented as being "cast down from heaven" (
Revelation 12:7-10; cf.
Luke 10:18).
The New Testament shows a high development of
demonology. In consonance with the Gospels beliefs of the lower orders of society, the devil and his realm are regarded as an entire ubiquitousness in all the events of daily life. In accordance, he has many names: "Satan" (Matt. 4:10; Mark 1:30, 4:15; Luke 10:1, "devil" (Matt. 4:1), "adversary" (1. Peter 5:8, ἀντίδικος; 1. Tim. 5:14, ἀντικείμενος), "enemy" (Matt. 13:39), "accuser" (Rev. 12:10), "old serpent" (Rev. 20:2), "great dragon" (Rev. 12:9),
Beelzebub (Matt. 10:25, 12:24), and
Belial (comp. Samael). In Luke 10:18, John 12:31, 2. Cor. 6:16, and Rev. 12:9 the fall of Satan is mentioned. The devil is regarded as the author of all evil (Luke 10:19; Acts 5:3; 2. Cor. 11:3; Ephes. 2:2), who beguiled Eve (2. Cor. 11:3; Rev. 12:9). Satan brought death itself into the world (Heb. 2:13), being ever the tempter (1. Cor. 7:5; 1. Thess. 3:5; 1. Peter 5:, even as he
tempted Jesus (Matt. 4). The Christian demonology and belief in the devil dominated subsequent periods. However, though the New Testament includes the conception that Satan fell from heaven with the velocity of lightning (Luke x. 18; Rev. xii. 7-10), it nowhere applies the name Lucifer to him.
The
Jewish Encyclopedia states that in the
apocalyptic writings, the conception of
fallen angels is widespread. Throughout antiquity stars were commonly regarded as living celestial beings (
Job 38:7). Indications of this belief, behind which probably lies the symbolizing of an astronomical phenomenon, the shooting stars, are met with in Isaiah 14:12.
The Morning Star in Isaiah 14:12
The
Book of Isaiah has the following passage:
When the Lord has given you rest from your pain and turmoil and the hard service with which you were made to serve, you will take up this taunt against the king of
Babylon: How the oppressor has ceased! How his insolence has ceased! … How you are fallen from heaven, O Day Star, son of Dawn! How you are cut down to the ground, you who laid the nations low! You said in your heart, "I will ascend to heaven; I will raise my throne above the stars of God; I will sit on the mount of assembly on the heights of
Zaphon; I will ascend to the tops of the clouds, I will make myself like the Most High." But you are brought down to
Sheol, to the depths of the Pit. Those who see you will stare at you, and ponder over you: "Is this the man who made the earth tremble, who shook kingdoms, who made the world like a desert and overthrew its cities, who would not let his prisoners go home?"
The passage expressly refers to a "king of Babylon", a "man" who seemed all-powerful, but who has been brought low. Isaiah promises that the
Israelites will be freed and will then be able to use in a taunting song against their oppressor the image of the Morning Star, which rises at dawn as the brightest of the stars, outshining
Jupiter and
Saturn, but lasting only until the sun appears. This image was used in an old popular
Canaanite story that the Morning Star tried to rise high above the clouds and establish himself on the mountain where the gods assembled, in the far north, but was cast down into the underworld. The phrase "O Day Star, son of Dawn" in the
New Revised Standard Version translation given above corresponds to the Hebrew phrase "הילל בן־שׁחר" (Helel Ben-Shachar) in verse 12, meaning "morning star, son of dawn". As the Latin poets personified the Morning Star and the Dawn (Aurora), as well as the Sun and the Moon and other heavenly bodies, so in
Canaanite mythology Morning Star and Dawn were pictured as two deities, the former being the son of the latter.
In the
Latin Vulgate,
Jerome translated "הילל בן־שׁחר" (morning star, son of dawn) as "lucifer qui mane oriebaris" (morning star that used to rise early). Already, as early as the Christian writers
Tertullian and
Origen, the whole passage had come to be applied to Satan. Satan began to be referred to as "Lucifer" (Morning Star), and finally the word "Lucifer" was treated as a proper name. The use of the word "Lucifer" in the 1611
King James Version instead of a word such as "Daystar" ensured its continued popularity among English speakers.
Most modern English versions (including the
NIV,
NRSV,
NASB,
NJB and
ESV) render the Hebrew word as "day star", "morning star" or something similar, and never as "Lucifer", a word that in English is now very rarely used in the sense of the original word in Hebrew (Morning Star), though in Latin "Lucifer" was a literal translation.
A passage quite similar to that in Isaiah is found in
Ezekiel 28:1-19, which is expressly directed against the king of
Tyre, a city on an island that had grown rich by trade, factors alluded to in the text. In Christian tradition, it too has been applied to Lucifer, because of some of the expressions contained in it. But, since it does not contain the image of the morning star, discussion of it belongs rather to the article on Satan than to that on Lucifer.
Lucifer (Le génie du mal) by
Guillaume Geefs (Cathedral of St. Paul,
Liège, Belgium)
The same holds for the Christian depiction of Satan in other books of the
Old Testament as, for instance, in the
Book of Job, where Satan, who has been wandering the earth, has a discussion with God and makes a deal with him to test Job.
The Tyndale Bible Dictionary states that there are many who believe the expression "Lucifer" and the surrounding context in Isaiah 14 refer to Satan: they believe the similarities among
Isaiah 14:12,
Luke 10:18, and
Revelation 12:7-10 warrant this conclusion. But it points out that the context of the Isaiah passage is about the accomplished defeat of the king of Babylon, while the
New Testament passages speak of Satan.
Liberal Christian scholars often deny altogether the existence of a personal being called "Satan", rendering the Lucifer story irrelevant. They argue that the name Satan itself (Hebrew: שָׂטָן) merely means "adversary" or "accuser", which may be a
personification.