Denial of responsibility. The offender will propose that they were victims of circumstance or were forced into situations beyond their control.[2]
Denial of injury. The offender insists that their actions did not cause any harm or damage.[2]
Denial of the victim. The offender believes that the victim deserved whatever action the offender committed.[2]
Condemnation of the condemners. The offenders maintain that those who condemn their offense are doing so purely out of spite, or are shifting the blame off of themselves unfairly.[2]
Appeal to higher loyalties. The offender suggests that his or her offence was for the greater good, with long term consequences that would justify their actions, such as protection of a friend.[2]